Oncology offers a wide range of treatment options, which may be used individually or in combination, depending on the type and stage of cancer. Common treatment modalities include:

1. 1. 1. Surgery: Oncologic surgeons remove tumors and nearby tissues surgically. This approach is often employed to eliminate localized tumors that haven’t spread.
      2. Radiation Therapy: This treatment uses high-energy X-rays or other particles to target and kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be delivered externally or internally through implanted radioactive sources.
      3. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells or inhibit their growth. It is administered orally or intravenously and can be used in various settings, including before or after surgery, or as the primary treatment for cancers that have spread.
      4. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy aims to enhance the body’s immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. This treatment stimulates the immune response or uses laboratory-engineered immune cells to attack cancer cells selectively.
      5. Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapies focus on specific molecular targets within cancer cells. By blocking or interfering with these targets, targeted therapies can halt the growth and spread of cancer while minimizing damage to healthy cells.